“Stupidity cannot be turned into wisdom in any language. Draw your art from all languages, but communicate with each other in Czech-Slovenian,” advised the priest and linguist Antonín Marek (1785–1877) in the Rules of Czech Spelling as early as 1846. Two years later, in January 1818, he ordered the teaching of the Czech language at gymnasiums in the Czech and Czech-German environment, the decree of the court study committee. Learning the language began as a compulsory subject in Czech schools, and as an optional subject in German schools, in the school year 1848–1849 from September 18. In the same year, the Czechs also expressed a demand for equal rights for the Czech language in schools and offices.
At that time, the students were already struggling with listed, i.e. excluded words, even though they were not yet called that. It was just being created, for the handbook Rules for Czech orthography and morphology, it was only published in 1902 by the bohemian Jan Gebauer (1838–1907), whose birth will be 185 years old in October. This year, these words, which are written after double consonants b, f, l, m, p, s, v, from a hard Y, are celebrating another anniversary. The current one summarized the valid dictionary published 30 years ago, in 1993. But we will not lie to ourselves. Schoolchildren probably won’t celebrate the birthdays of baby girl, snail, little boy and others.
Y or I? We hear them all the same
As the Institute for the Czech Language (ÚJČ) explains, the duality of consonants is related to the historical development of the Czech language, more precisely to pronunciation. “The pronunciation of the vowel marked by the letters iay is the same in today’s Czech, but in the old Czech the difference between them was clearly audible, so there was no need to compile a list of words with y.” These differences in pronunciation disappeared in the Hussite era, but they still remain in the script. “Other than by memorizing a list of words, today, unlike the old Czechs, we do not know that they are written with y,” the institute states.
List of listed words
ÚJČ also explains that the listed words are domestic words whose roots are written after the so-called orthographically double consonants y/ý. We also write these in derived words. Experts then point out that in different textbooks the words may differ in order or the expressions themselves. The following overview is based on the Rules of Czech Spelling from 1993. Geographical and personal names are selectively included in the list of listed words; there are more of those in which y/ý is written:
B: to be abode, abode, abode (i.e. abode, livelihood), conquer, conqueror, cattle, cattle, cattle-breeding, acquire, acquire, furniture, inhabit, inhabitant, populace, sell off, sell off, inexorable, outdo, overrun, overstay, surplus, overrun , increase, abode, decrease, decrease, decrease, remain, remainder, deal with), habit (ordinary), bright (bright, bystrost, bystřina, Bystrc, Bystřice), herb (herb, herbivore, chernobyl, zlatobyl), mare ( grasshopper, Bylysy), bull (bull, bull, bull), baby; Bydžov, Přibyslav, Bylany, Hrabyně; Zbyněk.
F: y/ý is not written after f in the roots of native words, therefore we do not have the listed words after fv in Czech. In some textbooks and overviews of the listed words, the borrowed word physics is mentioned. The indifference of f manifests itself especially in endings (graphs, giraffes, but in kafi).
L: hear (audible, hear, hard of hearing), mill (miller, miller), flash (flash, flash, flash, flash, flash), swallow (gulp), sob (sob, sob, sob), flow ( to pass away, to melt away, to melt away, to melt away, to melt away, to abound, to result, flowing, gas, gaseous, gas plant, gas meter, gas chamber), waste, bald (lysina, lyska, Lysá, Lysolaje), calf, calve (calve, calce i.e. bast), bast, bast eater), ski (ski, skier), wormwood, plush, slynout, shallow, frieze (frieze, frieze); Volhynia.
M: we (pronoun 1st person plural no.), wash (washer, dishwasher, wash, wash, sink and sink, washroom and washroom, washroom, raccoon, soap, soapy, soapy, soapy), think and think (mind, idea, to think and to think, to think, to think, to invent and to invent, to invent, invention, intention, to think and to think, mindset, idea, sense, sensual, nonsensical, industry, hunter, hunting house, Nezamysl, Nezamyslice, Přemysl), mistake with (mistake, mistaken, mistake, mistaken), insect (insect, insectivore), mouse (mouse, mouse), snail, clear (clearing, clear, clear), lock (unlock, unlock, escape, escape , skid (skid, skid, bow, loop, pass), blow (blow up, blower and blower), fluff, tame (tame), toll (toll, Toll), carded (carded), cape, sumysh; Litomyšl, Kamýk.
P: pride (proud, to be proud, to be proud, to be proud, to be proud, to be proud, to be proud), bag (sack, poacher, to poach), lip (pissed, platypus, Solopysky), bat, blind, pollen (to pollinate), hoof (cloven hooves), stumble (stumble), glitter (glitter, glitter, glitter), ask (tonguish, unfathomable), peck (off-peck), fluff (fuzzy), fluff, fluff (fuzzy, puffy, puffy), drink; Chropyně, Pyšely; Inquisitive anger.
S: son (son’s, nephew’s, zlosyn’s, Syneč), full (satiety, satiated, satiated, insatiable), cheese (syreček, syra, cheese shop, syrovatka, Sýrovice), raw (syrovinka), raw (i.e. raw), sychravy (Sychrov ), dry up and dry up (dry up and dry up), tit (tit), syček, groundhog, hiss (hiss, hiss), pour (bulk, granary, sypek, pour, fill, pour, sprinkle, pour, pour, pour, pour); Bare feet.
V: you (pronoun 1st person plural no.), vykat, high (vysočina, Vysočany, higher, above, height, height, elevate, heighten, height, increase, exceed, Vyšehrad), vyt (howl), vyskat (vyskot , squeal), to get used to (habit, bad habit, to get used to, custom, to get used to, to get used to, habit, to get used to, to get used to, usual), to chew (chewing, to chew, ruminant, chewing gum), otter (otter, otter, Otter), otter (ie . bird), vyžle (Vyžlovka), povyk (povykovat), vyheň, cavyky, vyza; prefix vy‑/vy‑ (e.g. listen, boil, interrogation, excellent, research); Vyškov, Vytoň.
Z: soon, language (tongue, tongue survey, linguistics, bilingual, tongue), call (se) (challenge, challenging, invoke, echo); Ruzyna.
Pieces of the past
The material used for teaching in 1848 would take several pages. Expressions that were used by teachers back then as examples of those with Y seem almost laughable today. Thus, they were published in 1845 in František C. Kampelík’s publication Pravopis českoslavnské řeči as a handbook with many examples for teachers, foster parents, parents for the benefit of youth composed so that she could learn it thoroughly in an easy way (the words were given in this form):
B: I would (by), you would (by you), by (by), bydlo (apartment), bydleti, residence, housing, Bydžow, herb (herb), herbalist, sharp (bystríti), quickness (shrewdness), would (by to , abysme), byst (abyste), quick-eyed, Bystřice (name of streams, towns, villages), byt (dwelling), although (etsi), apartment, apartment, apartment, unnecessary
L: lyčák (prowaz from lyčí), lyko (lyce under the bark of a linden), lyčáček, lysina, coot, lysati (waterfowl), lyska (water bird), bald, bald, bald
M: we, mich (who washes), myka (also), soaper, soaper, soap shop, soap shop, soap shop, soaps, washes, carding machine, wrongly (mistake), mistake, mysl (thought), mysliti, mysliwec, mysliwecky, mysliwost, mouse , mousey, mousey, mousey, mousey, thinking, mousey
P: peck, peck, peck, peck, peck, peck, peck, bag, bag, pickpocket, pickpocket, pickpocket, pickpocket
S: syn
T: stick
W: wy, wyka (wykew), efflorescence, high, wyžle (pes), wyžlenec, wyza, wyzina
Point 6 contained other words.
Babyka, tongue, when, when, mare, ungulate (herb), hoof, miller, miller, miller’s, miller’s, custom, ordinary, unlock, mistake, fallibility, fallible, slurp, hear, aspen, sprinkle, flow, wash away (sewage ), think, swallow, sprinkle, sprinkle, Přemysl, promysl, hear, smycec (smycet). smyji, smyk, sense, sensibility, sensuality, sensuous, smydlenj, smyzlenka, sparkle, uselessness, useless, rest, zpyshna, zpyshneti, pytowati, pzytatel, wyk, zwyklost, zwyklý, zwyknůt.
Flash message
While for foreigners Czech is one of the most difficult languages in the world due to vocabulary and expression, we are said to have the most trouble with Finnish and Chinese. According to the British magazine The Economist, however, the most complex language in the world is the Tuyuca language of the Amazonian Indians, who use over 50 genders.